First, the electronic structure and valence of copper The atomic number of copper is 29, belonging to the IB family of the periodic table. Its electronic layer is arranged as [Ar]3d 10 4s 1 and appears to be similar to potassium [Ar]4s 1 . However, since the shielding effect of d electrons is much weaker than p electrons, the first ionization potential of copper is 7.726Ev, and the second and third ionization potentials are about 10 eV lower than potassium. This not only shows the copper is a very active metal, is between the base metal and the noble metal in the sequence of activities, indicating that they may have multiple valence states. The common habits of copper are +2 and +1. Cu(II) is a relatively stable valence state. To yield compound Cu (Ⅲ) in very strong oxidizing conditions such as CuF 3. 2. Copper compounds and coordination compounds There are hundreds of copper compounds, of which the most industrially valuable are copper sulfate, copper oxide, cuprous chloride, cuprous oxide and the like. Both Cu(II) and Cu(I) form many stable coordination compounds, among which the ammonia complex of Cu(II) and the chlorine complex of Cu(I) are important in hydrometallurgy. When the Cu(II) coordination number is 4, it is generally a planar square coordination, and when the coordination number is 6, it is a distorted octahedral configuration. The complexes formed by Cu(I) are mostly linear. The chelating ligands containing both nitrogen and oxygen donors such as barium salicylate, azoin, 8-hydroxyquinoline and their substitutions form a stable chelate with Cu2+, and usually have a planar square structure. It is on the basis of these ligands that many commercial copper extractants have been developed. The planar square structure constitutes the chemical basis for the separation of copper. Third, the biological function and health standards of copper There are many organisms that contain copper-protease, and some gastropods, cephalopods, and crustaceans transmit oxygen in the plasma. Human serum ceruloplasmin in copper-containing eight atoms, having a Fe 2 + oxidation catalytic function. A person needs to consume 2.5 to 5 mg of copper per day, and 100 to 200 mg of copper in the body, mostly in the muscles. Copper salts are highly toxic to lower organisms. The surface water limits the copper content to 0.1 mg/L, and the industrial wastewater discharge copper content should be less than 1 mg/L. The WHO recommends that drinking water be allowed to contain 0.05 to 1.5 mg/L of copper. The US regulations for workplace (time-weighted average) are: dust 1 mg/m 3 and soot 0.2 mg/m 3 . Fourth, the physical properties of copper The crystal of copper is a face-centered cubic lattice with a density of 8.96 t/m 3 , a thermal conductivity of 394 W/(m·K), a resistivity of 1.6730 μΩ/cm at 20 ° C, and a resistivity of 1 to 100 ° C. The coefficient is 0.00681, the melting point is 1083 ° C, the latent heat of fusion is 212 kJ/kg, the specific heat capacity at 20 ° C is 384 J / (kg · ° C), the boiling point is 2595 ° C, the coefficient of linear expansion is 16.5 × 10 -6 ° C -1 , tensile strength 23 × 10 4 kPa, elastic modulus coefficient (10.2 to 12) × 10 4 MPa, and a modulus of rigidity of 44,000 MPa. V. Standards and uses of copper China's electrolytic copper implementation of international GB466-82. The London Metal Trading Market (LME) Class A standard is often used internationally, and the standard for high purity cathode copper in China is similar. Pure copper is used for wires and appliances. Copper forms a variety of alloys with major industrial values. The alloy of copper and zinc is called brass, and the alloy of copper and tin is bronze, which is used for bearings, switches, heat exchangers, and the like. An alloy of copper and aluminum called aluminum bronze, beryllium copper and beryllium alloy referred to have good mechanical properties, for the manufacture of mechanical parts and instrumentation. Copper- nickel is a white alloy that is highly resistant to corrosion and is used in valves, pumps, and trims. Copper and its alloys are mainly used in electric power, machinery, transportation, construction, electronics, instrumentation and other industries. If you like a tasty smoothie, smoothie or iced drink, then the GLAREME multipurpose blender is the tool for your kitchen.Powered by 400W-550W peak power, the mixer can quickly crush ice and mix frozen fruit to provide you with delicious frozen drinks at any time. stand juicer blender, household jucier blender Jiangmen Taifai Technology Co.,Ltd , https://www.glaremecn.com
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