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Research technology for prospecting direction of manganese ore around the former Sinian Bikou ancient land
Located in the northwestern margin of the Yangtze Platform, the Bikou Group starts from Huyaguan in Pingwu, Sichuan, and reaches the county seat of Shaanxi County in the east, across Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. The south is bounded by the Qingchuan-Jianxian deep fault and the Yangtze platform. The north is controlled by the Kangxian-Yongxian fault zone and adjacent to the Qinling fold system. It belongs to the Songliao-Ganzi fold system and the Motianling complex anticline fold belt. The east-west length is about 220km, and the widest part of the north and south is about 50km. On the plane spread, it is roughly a triangle with a west wide and an east tip. In recent years, it is believed that it belongs to the northwestern margin of the Sichuan ancient nucleus. The island-arc-type construction of the Neogene and the Neoproterozoic is composed of the collision of Jinning movements and forms part of the Yangtze platform. It is itself consolidated into the ancient land, its edge and its eastern part. The plunge-type Sinian Cambrian is developed at the plunge end. In the western and northern parts of the ancient land, the Tethys Sea, which was gradually enlarged from west to east, was submerged and deposited in the Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic strata.
With the development and seek to deepen the understanding of the work of manganese ore, it is expected to find in this area has become one of manganese prospects. However, due to the complex geological structure of the region, there are many different opinions on the basic geological problems related to the search for manganese. Only the ages of the manganese-bearing rock series in the manganese ore belts in this area belong to the ages of Jixian (or former Aurora), Aurora and Cambrian. Different understandings of the unit [1] , there are several different views of the manganese-bearing horizon in each manganese-containing building, which directly affects the selection of the prospecting direction and the horizon comparison. Therefore, I would like to make a preliminary understanding for the reference and discussion based on the accumulation of personal field observations and the analysis of predecessors' data.
   1 Distribution characteristics of known manganese ore around Bikou ancient land (with photos)
There are two manganese-bearing ore belts in the south and north around the ancient city of Bikou.
(1) South manganese ore belt
From the east to the west of the county, through the Qingchuan County, the crystal is roughly distributed in the NEE direction. The manganese-bearing basin in the Lijiaying area of ​​the eastern section has a wide distribution area and good manganese ore quality, which constitutes the Lijiaying-Zhengjiaba high-quality manganese ore belt.
The ore belt is located at the southeastern end of the Bikou ancient land. It is located at the north wing of the Hanwang Mountain complex slanting slope. It starts from the two estuaries in the west and reaches Zhengjiaba in the east. It is about 20km long and extends eastward. It is known that there is a medium-sized deposit (Lijiaying), two small deposits (Ganggouxia, Lianghekou), and some points of mineralization and mineralization (Yingquwan, Zhengjiaba, etc.). It is the only high-quality (P/Mn≤0.003, Mn/Fe≥6) manganese ore belt around Bikou Gulu. The ore type is mainly brown manganese ore and manganese carbonate.
From the distribution of the manganese-bearing rock series, the upper and upper manganese-bearing layers can be divided, and the lower manganese-bearing layer is mainly composed of purple-red calcium shale slate , and the belts and thin layers of the rhombohedral ore are relatively dense. The part constitutes the ore body; the upper manganese layer is mainly composed of manganese-bearing siliceous limestone, which is sandwiched by layered and convex mirror-shaped manganese ore bodies. With the variation of sedimentary rock thickness and rock variation, and the differences in metallogenic conditions, the manganese ore enrichment sites and the scale and quality of the ore bodies are different. In the west of the two estuary manganese deposits, the main ore body contains a manganese layer; while the Lijiaying manganese deposit, the main ore body belongs to the upper manganese layer, the manganese-bearing siliceous limestone is thick, and the ore body size is relatively large. In the east, the area of ​​Yingquwan-Ganggou Gorge, the lower and upper manganese-bearing layers have ore bodies, but their scale and quality are worse than those in the west. HW Mountain syncline area south wing has also been found that manganese rock series, but metallogenic conditions less than the north wing, the performance of iron manganese and more associated, and the quantity and quality, still clip quartz sandstone convex mirror, a local manganese The body is small and beaded. The above phenomenon indicates that manganese ore formation is closely related to sedimentary lithofacies palaeogeography. [next]
(2) North manganese ore belt
From the west to the west of the county, the county is divided into the NEE-EW direction, which can be divided into three major manganese-bearing sedimentary areas: Hejiaya, Handan and Guanjiagou. In addition, an EW-trending manganese ore belt is also distributed in the southern Qinling fold belt adjacent to the northern margin of the eastern part of the Gulu, which is described as follows:
1 tea shop - Shijiayuan manganese ore belt
It is located in the northern edge of the eastern section of Bikou Gulu, east from Qixian County, and West Daluo Shijiayuan. It is known to be more than 100km long. It has been found that there are four small manganese ore and manganese ore (chemical) points. Both are high- phosphorus manganese ore. The obvious feature of the manganese ore is the symbiotic or associated phosphorus-manganese, and the increase of carbonaceous and dolomitic in the manganese-bearing rock series indicates the deposition in the weakly reduced-reduced semi-closed bay environment. Generally, the manganese ore body is present in the manganese-containing dolomite , and the phosphate rock is the bottom plate of the manganese ore, and the two sometimes form a transitional ore which is a main body. The Shijiayuan manganese mine, although located in the belt, has fundamentally different characteristics. The manganese-bearing rock combination consists of marble , manganese mineralized siliceous rock and manganese ore body, which is present in the metabasic volcanic rock and its tuff to carbonate. The transition part of the rock is broken with a certain degree of fracture. The ore body is irregularly convex, with a maximum length of 125m and a maximum thickness of 20m. The ore is mainly composed of brown manganese ore, hard manganese ore, pyrolusite and rhodochrosite. It is micro-fine structure, massive, variegated, and hull. Shape and honeycomb structure. "Hydrothermal" obvious signs, some people think is a volcanic genesis jet deposition â‘ . After understanding and controlling the shallow part of the main ore body, no ore body 2 is seen in the 60~70m oblique depth. Individually see the leaching and dialysis of the manganese deposit. It is confirmed that the ore body has small variation and large scale, and the scale is limited. The cause is weathering and leaching. .
2 Tiantai Mountain - Sanchazi Manganese Belt
Located in the northern edge of the eastern section of the ancient section of Bikou, and distributed in the tea shop, north of the Shijiayuan manganese ore belt, and a manganese ore belt parallel to it, but the range is much longer than the former, from the east to the city of Bijiahe , West Daluo Sanzizi, known to be 124km long. At present, there are ten manganese ore deposits in the ore belt, including one Tiantaishan medium-sized manganese deposit; three in Hujiawan, eight-acre and Sanzizi small manganese deposits; Jiangtai, Hougou, Hengguanhe and Baijia There are four dam manganese deposits; two sites of Bijiahe and Dayeshan manganese mineralization, all of which are high-phosphorus manganese ore. Its mineralization characteristics are basically consistent with the tea shop, the Shijiayuan manganese ore belt, and the ore type is mainly manganese carbonate ore and manganese oxide ore.
On the above two high-phosphorus manganese ore belts, if the lime-manganese ore layers are separated by limestone, they become a better shielding layer, and the phosphorus in the manganese ore layer is relatively low, even high-quality manganese ore. In recent years, relatively low-phosphorus manganese ore bodies (layers) have been found in deposits such as Tiantai Mountain, Hujiawan and Sanzizi. It has also been found that phosphorus in the manganese ore layer is mainly concentrated in the lower plate and the interlayer, and can be mined or hand-selected during mining, providing a new clue for finding low-phosphorus manganese ore in the area. [next]
3 Gulingzi - Zhaojiazui Manganese Belt
   [1] Distributed in the northwestern margin of the Bikou ancient land, Guanjiagou - the south wing of the Muyuanba complex anticline, the east from the Gullyzi, the west to Zhaojiazui, known to be about 22km long. The belt is known as the Gulingzi, Zhaojiazui small manganese deposits, and the Doujiawan manganese deposit. Its main characteristics: First, Fe, Mn, or associated symbiotic, two ore types are all oxide ore, ore associated Third metal cobalt, molybdenum (groove Lingzi manganese: cobalt associated average 0.083%, Mo 0.76% on average), silver Wait.
Note: [1] 1 Tianjin Institute of Geology, Ministry of Metallurgy, etc., 1990. The occurrence law and prospecting direction of high-quality manganese ore in southern Shaanxi.
2 Sixth Team of Metallurgical Northwest Geological Survey Bureau, 1992. General Survey of Manganese Mines in Shijiayuan, Shaanxi Province.
Looking at the distribution of the Bikou Gulu manganese ore belt, it has the following characteristics:
(1) In the structure and ancient geographical location, they are distributed in the vicinity of Bikou Gulu and its adjacent areas.
(2) The manganese-bearing rock series itself constitutes a secondary complex back-tilt, which is roughly distributed in a belt, a promising manganese deposit, which is mainly exposed in a compound back-tilt and close to the wing of the Bikou ancient land.
(3) The southeast end of Bikou Gulu is a high-quality manganese ore belt, and other manganese ore belts are high-phosphorus manganese ore. However, in the high-phosphorus manganese deposit, the native low-phosphorus manganese ore body is partially seen. See also weathered and leached high quality manganese oxide ore bodies. [next]
2 Understanding of the age of manganese-containing construction
2.1 The current ownership of the manganese-bearing construction era and its representative deposits
1蓟 County or pre-Sinian volcano – sedimentary high-quality manganese ore. Its main features are: manganese-bearing argillaceous carbonates, which appear to be continuously deposited on the pre-Sinian Bikouqun volcanic-sedimentary clastic rock series; in the manganese-bearing rock series there are green slate (fine The tuff of the tuff; the manganese ore is produced in the manganese-bearing siliceous limestone; the upper part of the manganese-bearing rock is a thick layer of carbonate rock and is rich in algae fossils, such as Conophyton garganicum Kor; Colonnella for; Scopulimorpha For; Tielingella for, etc., is a common molecule in the northern Yixian County.
Represented by the Lijiaying manganese deposit, the comprehensive profile is from new to old:
(12) Thick layer of dolomitic limestone, containing vermiculite strips and clumps >200m thick
(11) Thin - medium-thick layer of dolomitic limestone with argillaceous limestone 30-40m thick
(10) Gray slate thickness 15~25m
(9) Thick siliceous dolomite thickness 30~40m
(8) Calcareous slate thickness 52~70m
(7) Green slate (fine blue tuff) 20m thick
(6) Purple slate thickness 1 ~ 40m
(5) Manganese-containing layer thickness 0.5 to 43 m
Upper part: manganese-bearing siliceous limestone 2~26m thick
Middle: Manganese ore layer thickness 0.15~11.78m
Lower part: Calcareous slate contains manganese siliceous limestone 5~14m thick
(4) Green slate (fine tuff) 78m thick
(3) Calcareous slate contains manganese siliceous limestone with a thickness of 70-120m
(2) Purple slate thickness 100m
(1) boulder green schist, pebbly fine bifurite
2 Phosphorus-manganese argillaceous carbonate was built in the late Sinian and steep mountain flood season. The main features are: phosphorus-manganese symbiosis or associated, in the sequence of phosphate rock is the base plate of manganese ore, manganese ore is generally high-phosphorus manganese ore, it is obvious that the argillaceous carbonate system containing phosphorus and manganese is not integrated in the former Sinian Bikou Group volcanoes - above the sedimentary clastic system. It is represented by the section of Hejiayan area, and the stratum is from new to old:
Ground cover: Upper Sinian Dengying Group (Zzdn)
(3) Gray matter dolomite
(2) Thin layer of muddy, carbonaceous limestone
(1) Carbon-containing shale
606m thick
20m thick
27m thick
———Parallel unconformity ———
Upper Sinian Doushan Mountain Formation (Zzd) phosphorus-bearing manganese rock series
(7) Siliceous siliceous limestone containing vermiculite
(6) Thin-medium-thick layer of argillaceous limestone, partially sandwiched with manganese ore
(5) Carbonaceous slate, phosphorus-containing nodules
(4) Manganese phosphate rock, manganese-bearing limestone, manganese ore
(3) Strip-shaped, braided gray phosphorus rock
(2) Siliceous dolomitic limestone
(1) Gray-green glutenite
54m thick
19m thick
Thick 34m
5m thick
5m thick
15m thick
49m thick
--- not integrated ---
Underlying strata: the former Sinian Bikou group (Anzbk) tuff green schist. [next]
3 Early Cambrian phosphorus-manganese construction, its characteristics are very similar to the above-mentioned Doushantian sedimentation, represented by the Tiantaishan manganese ore deposit, and the phosphorus-bearing manganesestone stratigraphic profile is:
Lower Cambrian Tananpo Formation (∈ 1 t)
(8) Dark gray medium-thick layer dolomite with siliceous and phosphorous strips on the upper part
(7) Light brown thin layer of manganese-containing dolomite
(6) Tan brown thin layer dolomite with carbon phyllite and phosphorus strips on the upper part.
(5) Blue-gray medium-thick layer manganese-containing dolomite
(4) yellow brown and gray calcareous yunyun quartz schist
(3) Gray medium-thick layer containing manganese dolomite, lower part of light gray, grayish white, gray manganese phosphate ore
Fossils of manganese-bearing dolomite: Circotheca nana Qian (short garden tube snail)
HyoLithellus tenuis (thin like soft tongue)
(2) Black thin layer and strip mud siliceous phosphorus rock
Containing fossils: Turcutheca sp (elliptical snail)
Circotheca nana Qian
(1) Black carbonaceous phyllite with black phosphorus rock band on top
Thick>43m
Thick 9.41m
Thickness 0~3.26m
Thickness 0~6.08m
Thick 0~20.76m
0~20m thick
0~20m thick
--- not integrated ---
Underburden: Precambrian (An∈) pebbly carbon 绢cloud quartz schist, 绢云 quartz schist (medium-acid volcano-deposited clastic rock).
4 Manganese deposits produced on the parallel unconformity surface of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation and the Doushantuo Formation. The main feature of the main ore body of the deposit is irregular eyeball shape. The enlarged part of the ore body is sharply extinguished along the strike and the tendency. The ferromanganese is symbiotic or associated. The beneficial elements in the ore are Mn and Fe, containing Mo, Co, Ag, etc. And industrial significance. The typical deposit is the main ore body of No.1, Gulingzi, Wenxian County, which is produced on the parallel unconformity surface of the Doushantuo Formation and the Dengying Formation. The former lithology is siltstone containing iron and manganese mineralization, kiln phyllite, and iron. Manganese limestone and tuffaceous siltstone, etc. The latter main lithology is limestone, dolomitic limestone-bearing dolomite, and ferromanganese mineralized dolomitic limestone. The ore body is nearly north-south, with a total length of 499m and a thickness of 3.9 to 38.8m. In the largest thickness of the 0 exploration line, the PD-1 flat raft with a depth of 50m is controlled. The ore body is bifurcated with limestone, the total thickness is about 34m, and the PD-3 in the middle of the 100m depth is only thick. About 10cm of manganese veins; 5 exploration lines about 150m south from the 0th line, the depth of the ore layer is 7.32m, and the PD-2ç¡ in the middle of the 50m depth is not traced. Composed mainly of ore minerals pyrolusite, psilomelane, predominantly colloidal structure, earthy, configured as a main hull shape, and grape-like brecciform other gangue minerals are clay, such as kaolinite, sericite, etc. , see also ore bauxite white pebble-like, so that should belong to the weathering product type manganese deposit. [next]
2.2 Understanding of the Ownership of Manganese-Containing Construction
According to the comprehensive analysis, the manganese-bearing constructions seen in the region are generally of the same era and should be returned to the late Sinian [2] .
(1) From the comparison of horizons, the manganese-bearing rock series of all ages generally appear on the large-scale volcanic volcano-sedimentary clastic rock series of Bikou Group, and each is distributed in a certain metallogenic zone. On the sequence profile of the same zone, manganese-bearing rock series of two or more different ages have not been continuously exposed.
(2) From the distribution point of view, each manganese-bearing rock series is distributed around the periphery of Bikou ancient land and the eastern end of the dumping.
(3) Manganese-bearing construction in various ages, with manganese-bearing rock combinations and sequences from clastic rocks to carbonate rocks.
(4) The large thick carbonate rocks above the manganese-bearing construction are rich in algae and laminated petrified stones. The species are similar and similar, and are found in the entire Neoproterozoic strata.
(5) The phosphorus-bearing manganese-bearing rock system on the north side of Bikou Gulu contains a large number of algae and small-shell fossils, but the number of different regions and different sections is different, and the size varies from individual to individual. Therefore, it is considered that the late Sinian and early cold The phosphorus-bearing manganese-bearing rock system of Wushi is a sediment of the same era.
(6) The manganese-bearing rock series in the eastern part of the northern part of the Bikou ancient land is distributed across the adjacent South Qinling fold belt, indicating the distribution characteristics of the mantle-bearing sediments along the paleo-continental margin during the Late Sinian.
(7) Lijiaying-Zhengjiaba high-quality manganese ore belt, which may also be in the same layer as other manganese ore, and is based on the late Sinian: 1 above the manganese-bearing rock series, thick carbonate rocks section below, both the chromium-containing iron ore rock strata, Feng Zheng Shandong xiangjiaba constituted of chromite sand bed type, in hejiayan - historians hospital manganese belt breakage lATE SINIAN group containing cliff Above the phosphate-manganese system, see also the chromite sandstone layer. The Baiyun Mountain has formed a sandstone-type chromite ore deposit. Inferred from the rare sandstone-type chromite ore deposit, the two manganese-bearing rock series may be the same period. 2) The high-quality manganese ore is closely related to the purple sand slate, and is very similar to the purple shale facies of the Bashan Late Sinian high-quality manganese ore belt; 3 the manganese-bearing formation in the belt seems to be continuously deposited on the Bikou Group. There are no more than two cases around Bikou Ancient Land. From the perspective of regional cybernetics [3] , this area belongs to the surrounding area of ​​the Yangtze platform in the geotectonic position. The macroscopic aspect should be compared with South China. The former Sinian Bikou Group Forming the basement, the phosphorus-manganese clastic rock—the carbonate rock system consists of a caprock, and then The general simultaneity of the sedimentary minerals in a region and the regional tectonic setting analysis, it is believed that this manganese-bearing rock series should also be deposited in the Late Sinian, and will be further confirmed later. [next]
3 Discussion on prospecting direction
3.1 Prospecting mark
(1) It is roughly equivalent to the thick carbonate rock layer of the South China Light Shadow Group is the most prominent upper horizon mark.
(2) A set of clastic rocks-carbonate rocks under the thick carbonate rock is a part of the manganese deposit, especially the purple muddy rock is a high-quality manganese ore. Phase sign.
(3) In the vicinity of manganese-bearing rock series, the contact between large sets of limestone and sand slate is often the place where regenerated weathered high-quality manganese-rich ore is present.
(4) Partially more sub-multiple back-tilt is close to the wing of Bikou Gulu, which is often the condition for the occurrence of manganese ore belts.
(5) In the high-phosphorus manganese ore belt, localized phosphorus or low-phosphorus manganese ore is also present locally.
(6) Attention should be paid to the identification and search of manganese carbonate ore in manganese-bearing carbonate rock series.
3.2 Metallogenic zone selection
In summary, the prospecting direction should be along the periphery of the Bikou ancient land and the easternmost part (that is, the tilting end of the Motianling complex anticline fold belt, the Luyang area), firstly to find the cover-type Sinian Cambrian distribution area. , in particular, a set of rock combinations of the Upper Sinian clastic rock - carbonate rock. Specific metallogenic zone:
(1) Looking for manganese prospects in the southern edge of Bikou Ancient Land
It starts from Jixian County in the east and ends at Huyaguan in the west. It has a Sinian distribution along the southern edge of the ancient land of Bikou. It goes to the Pingwu area in the west, and the Bikou group constitutes a primary anticline. Both wings have a distribution of Sinian, Qingchuan, etc. There are also manganese ore trails in the ground.
(2) Looking for the manganese prospect in the eastern part of the northern edge of Bikou Gulu
In the east, the city is located in Bijiahe, Xidakang County, and two parallel manganese ore belts. At present, it is mainly high-phosphorus-manganese ore, but local ore deposits, such as Shijiayuan and Hujiawan, also have low-phosphorus manganese ore. Preliminary observations that some low-phosphorus manganese ore bodies are largely related to weathering and leaching.
(3) Looking for manganese prospects in the northwestern margin of Bikou Ancient Land
Xiqiwen County, Dongdagou Lingzi, and then the eastern part of the area are also exposed to the Sinian system. At present, there are two manganese deposits in the Gulingzi and Zhaojiazui. The author observes that the main ore body is related to weathering and leaching. It is also an important aspect to find weathered and leached high-quality manganese ore and even high-quality manganese-rich ore in the distribution zone of manganese-bearing rock series. At the same time, this type of manganese deposit and manganese coexist with cobalt, molybdenum, silver and other metals, which should be comprehensively evaluated to improve its economic utilization value.
references
1 Northwest Geological Survey Bureau of the Ministry of Metallurgy, Tianjin Institute of Geology, 1995. Metallogenic regularity and resource evaluation of high quality manganese ore in the vicinity of the Yangtze platform and its adjacent areas.
2 Zhao Shengwu, 1992. Discussion on the sequence of Bikou group and related issues of the times. Northwest Metallurgical Geology Science and Technology Information
3 Banyan Fang, 1986. An understanding of the “objective†comparison and generation environment of the Precambrian strata in the Qinling area. China Geology Phase 11.