Third, the type of seed orchard Seed gardens can be classified in different ways. For example, depending on the breeding mode, it can be divided into a clonal seed garden and a seed seed garden; depending on the species relationship, it can be divided into a hybrid seed garden and a production orchard seed garden; according to the degree of improvement of propagation materials, it can be divided into primary seed orchards and improved seeds. garden. (a), asexual seed orchard All breeding materials are made through the scion of Eucalyptus or Eucalyptus, and established through asexual propagation methods such as grafting or cutting. The seed orchards composed of clones are collectively referred to as clone seed orchards. The Larix principis-rupprechtii orchard in the Longtoushan seedling plant belongs to the clone seed garden. The advantage is that the clones can maintain the good genetic characteristics and the original quality of Eucalyptus, and they will bloom and fruit early, and a large number of improved seeds can be produced before the determination of the offspring. (b) Seed Orchard A seed orchard (or sexual seed orchard) is a seed garden built with eucalyptus pollinated seeds or controlled pollination seeds for seedlings. The advantage is that it is easy to operate and the technology is simple. The disadvantage is that it is solid late and the initial seed yield is low. (3) Primary Seed Orchard and Improved Orchard The primary seed orchard refers to a seed orchard that has been established through a phenotypic selection and has not been established as a progeny. The seed orchards that have been established throughout the country are mostly of this type. According to the progeny data, the seed gardens established with the selected genotype after the thinning of the primary seed orchards and plants were called modified orchards. (d) Hybrid Seed Orchards The hybrid seed orchard is a seed orchard established for the purpose of producing hybrid seeds and composed of two different species of propagation materials. After cross-breeding tests, it was proved that the offspring had obvious heterosis. IV. Establishment of Clonal Seed Garden The purpose of establishing a clonal seed orchard is to improve the genetic quality of seeds and to ensure stable yields and high yields. The genetic gain of the seeds produced is greater than that of common seed production bases and mother trees. In order to carry out long-term effective genetic improvement of a tree species and overcome blindness, the following work should be done first in the establishment of a seed park: (I) The grade of the orchard 1. Primary Seed Orchard: The primary seed orchard is a fine stand consisting of clones that have been manually selected. Although the genetic traits of the clones have not been confirmed by progeny assays, because of their superior phenotypes and intensive management, the genetic gain of seeds produced is generally greater than that of the mother trees or common seed collections. Trees are perennials, and their genetic quality cannot be improved in the short term, and a few generations of cycle selection based on long-term plans will increase the genetic quality of seed orchards from generation to generation. Mengyao Forest Management Bureau Longtoushan Planting and Seedling Farm The larch seedlings high quality seed base was established in 1983 as a joint venture thoroughbred demonstration base of the ministry (Department of Forestry, Hebei Province), located at 42°27′ north latitude and 1300-1400m above sea level. The average temperature of 4.7 °C, the average annual rainfall of 460mm, mainly brown mountain soil and black soil, the soil layer is more than 0.6m thick, is a mountain area in northern Fujian, is the distribution area and suitable habitat of Larix principis-rupprechtii. There are 63.5 hectares of existing orchards, of which there are 47 hectares of primary gardens that have been improved. The field was collected in 1996 from seed orchards and seedlings from mother trees in 1997. Seedlings were sowed in 1997. In 1998, seedlings were used to grow the seedlings. With the same site conditions and management measures, the seed diameter and height of seedlings in seed orchards were 4% and 12.7% higher than those of mother trees, respectively (Table 2-8). Table 2-8 Comparison of Seedlings of Seed Garden with Seedlings in Seed Garden and Mother Trees Seed Orchard Mother tree seedlings ratio Number of investigations Average base diameter Average seedling height Number of investigations Average base diameter Average seedling height Average base diameter Average seedling height 2600 0.54 46.7 1850 0.52 40.6 104 112.7 2. The first generation of clone seed orchards: The so-called first-generation clonal seed orchards are stands composed of primary clonal clones with good hereditary traits as measured by progeny. The seed produced by the first-generation clone seed garden was superior to the primary garden. Specific construction methods can be based on relevant data measured offspring, the primary park to poorly shredded, that is, excluding the clones with poor genetic traits, retain the superior clones and their genetic gains will be correspondingly improved. Alternatively, seeded orchards can be reconstituted by vegetative propagation using the determined superior clones. 3. The second-generation clone seed garden: The so-called second-generation seed garden is a seed garden constructed with the best single parents as the parents of the excellent families determined by offspring. The overall genetic quality of these orchards is higher than that of the first generation orchards and is a concrete manifestation of further improvement. 4. The genetic improvement process of high-generation seed orchards is higher than that of the second-generation orchards. The establishment of high-generation seed orchards must be guided by long-term seed breeding programs, both to pursue high genetic gains and to eliminate adverse self-crossing effects, and thus to avoid the disease with a narrow genetic base. In the further improvement, a high standard of evaluation of the parental combination must be made so that it can produce the greatest genetic gain in the family. To build a solid foundation for gradual improvement. For the establishment of high-generation seed orchards because of their multiple choices or cross-breeding, the resulting family composition is an excellent high-yield material. As long as the specific combining ability is clearly configured, the clones to be cast do not require too much, and more than two can construct the garden. But the output will not decrease. (B) The choice of excellent trees The so-called Eucalyptus is also known as the selected tree, which is an important material for the establishment of a seed orchard. The quality of excellent trees is related to the selection speed and gain effect of the entire growth cycle of the orchard. 1, excellent tree selection method: (1) Determine the number of selected plants in the region and the number of selected plants in the field based on the total area of ​​the park and the total number of clones. (2) Conduct a comprehensive survey within a suitable range of provenances. Based on the selection of good forest stands, determine the candidate tree initially. The selection conditions for the superior tree selection of Larix principis-rupprechtii are: strong growth, good shape, good fruiting condition, and natural forest age. 30 to 50 years, artificial forest age of 10 to 20 years is appropriate. V3w measures each candidate tree and comparison tree, and measures the DBH, central diameter, tree height, new shoot, undershoot height, crown width, branch angle, etc., as well as the number of shapes, shape ratios, stem shape, and trees. The skin thickness, material, etc. are registered, and the selection is performed according to the measurement results, and the selected number is registered. The condition of a v4w tree is a good type, which is the best type for the tree species. It grows well and grows vigorously. It is the tallest, thickest forest in the forest. The tree shape is good, the trunk is straight, full, the crown is even and symmetrical, the height under the branches is low, and the fruitfulness is strong. Health-free pests, no mechanical damage. Growth traits and investigation methods of superior trees in v5w . According to the provincial selection standard of fine varieties of trees, the ratio of excellent tree growth traits to dominant wood or sample plots and standard plots has a volume of more than 145%, a DBH of more than 120%, and a tree height of more than 100%. The dominant trees were selected by using the superior wood contrast method. That is, within the range of 50m radius of the candidate tree, 3 to 5 dominant trees with good growth are selected. Through the investigation and comparison of the DBH, tree height, central diameter, and crown ratio of the candidate tree and the dominant tree, the superior tree is calculated. The ratio of DBH, tree height, and volume of dominant wood is greater than the standard and meets the initial conditions of other conditions, and is eliminated in comparison with the standard, and the registered elite tree and dominant tree are registered. In order to observe the stability of the excellent tree trait performance, the selected tree was comprehensively reviewed 1 to 2 times. After the review was qualified, it will be used as an excellent material to enter the park. The basic situation of excellent trees in the seed orchard of Longtoushan Planting and Seeding Field (Table 2-9). Table 2-9 Statistics of Larch Excellent Resources name Resource origin Numbering Instructions Larix principis-rupprechtii natural forest Mengzi Forest Management Bureau Longtoushan Forest Farm 1-20 Fuping County Tuoliangshan Forest Farm 1～37 Zhangjiakou Xiaowutai 1 to 10 Hengshan, Shanxi Province 6 to 16 Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation Mengzi Forest Management Bureau Longtoushan Forest Farm 21 to 210 For storage Mengzi Forest Management Bureau Longtoushan Forest Farm Numbers 321-400 Pingdingshan Fengning County 1-20 Zhuolu County Yongdao Forest Farm 1 to 9 Bashang Machinery Farm 1-23 Chongli County Peace Forest Farm 2 to 10 Larix principis-rupprechtii family Longtoushan seedlings 1-40 The second generation of excellent trees All-sib Longtoushan seedlings 1 to 8 Longtoushan seedlings 1 to 3 Larix gmelinii Fuping County Yujiagou Forest Farm 1 to 14 Meng Hao Lin Guan Yan Gelin Berlin 1-20 Japanese larch tree Dagujiazi Forest Farm in Liaoning Province 1 to 10 (C) Grafting method Larix principis-rupprechtii orchard mother trees were all formed by grafting grafting of excellent trees. Grafting refers to grafting a branch or bud on a plant to the stem of another plant, so that the two plants become more compatible with each other to form a new plant, and the branches or buds on the upper part are called scions, and the grafts that bear the scion are grafted to survive. Seedlings are called grafted seedlings. The best affinities are among the same individuals, so that the grafted combination is called "the grafting of this anvil." Heterologous grafting, affinity is poor, said the grafting of the different anvil. 1. Scion collection and storage: The first step in grafting is collection and storage of scion. Practice has proved that collecting the top of the lateral branches of the 1st to 2nd of the canopy for scion, because of its strong growth, the top buds are full of strong affinity and easy to survive. Larix principis-rupprechtii is generally grafted in the spring. The collection of scions must be carried out more than two weeks before the sap flow. The scion collected is about 20 to 30 cm long, and the semicolon is bundled and tagged, and stored in a low-temperature and stable cellar. Keep a low temperature of around 0°C in the cellar and keep it moist to prevent it from drying out. The scion requires a small cartons that can be transported off-site, filled with moist sawdust, and other materials that have strong water retention. The cuttings are sealed with paraffin and placed in cartons. The transportation is quick and avoids heating. 2, Grafting method and time: There are many methods of grafting, usually two buds and branches, then the branches and then weir, then cut, tongue, abdominal joint, pith forming a layer of paste and so on. The specific method varies with the season and tree species. Larch commonly used paste method. The grafting date depends on the tree species. Conifers generally occur in the spring. In late April to mid-May, according to the phenological period, after the rootstock is sprouted, the medullary heart-forming layer is used for the bonding method. This method has a large layer contact surface, and the resin tract is less damaged and easy to survive, and the joint is on the side of the rootstock. When they are not alive, they will make up the connection. 3, grafting sites and rootstock, scion Grafting of North China larch can be directly grafted in the community, but also grafted in the grafted area. Rootstocks usually use 2 to 3 years old seedlings, scion length 8 to 10cm, should have full top buds. 4. When the scion is prepared by grafting, the top 3 to 5 buds are kept and the rest are removed. First cut the base of the scion with a short bevel with a length of about 0.2-0.4cm, and then move the scion to the other side. Hold the tip of the scion with your left thumb and middle finger. The scion should be stable. The right thumb and index finger grip the blade. The 3 to 5 cm of the lower part of the terminal bud gradually incline to the medullary heart, and then cut down one-half of the scion along the medullary heart, and the noodles should be smooth and hairless. Then on the rootstock, which is a bit older than the 1–2 year old part of the scion, remove all buds from the grafted part, then hold the rootstock on the left hand, and hold the blade in the right hand, cut through the bast and wood from top to bottom to reveal milky white. The formation of the layer, the lower part of the surface inward obliquely cut a knife, cut the rootstock cut the skin, the remaining parts into a tooth, the depth of the incision is appropriate, the length of the cut surface to be the same scion cut surface, about 5 ~ 7cm, such as stock, Scion stout, the interface can be longer. After the anvil and the ear are repaired, align the wedge-shaped portion of the scion with the dentate portion of the lower part of the rootstock, and put the cutting surface close to the cutting surface of the rootstock, so that the two form a layered alignment and stick securely. If the rootstock coarse scion is fine, the scion can align with the rootstock to form a layer. Then hold the rootstock with your left hand and hold one end of the scion and the cotton thread with your thumb. The right hand holds the entire thread spirally from bottom to top. After the interface is over, use the thumb and index finger to assemble the joint. Then, in the same way, wrap a layer of plastic film bag and press a ring from the bottom to the top. Try to tighten it tightly. After the interface is over, then wrap it from above and down until it touches the buckle. Finally, the interface part is coated with the wax from the top to the bottom, so that a new strain will be established, and after the survival is determined in the future, the bandage will be removed. (D) Colonization Density and Clonal Configuration 1. The planting density is such that the seed orchard mother tree grows well, develops normally, has many productive species, and produces good seeds. The first is to ensure that the mother tree has sufficient nutrition space and sufficient lighting conditions, and the second is to ensure that the mother tree spacing is appropriate and can conduct normal pollination with each other. . Therefore, a reasonable determination of colonization density is of utmost importance. At present, the density of planting in various orchard sites is not uniform. Some countries in Europe and America advocate that the distance between planting sites should be larger. Thinning will not be carried out in the future. Most of the planting distances in China are 4×5m, 5×5m, 4×6m, and 5×6m. According to the colonization experience of the fine seed base of the Longtoushan seedlings planting plant, the spacing of the planting sites may vary depending on the tree species, geographic location, garden establishment method, and management method. Under normal circumstances, the spacing of fast-growing species can be larger, and conversely smaller; flat land can be larger, slopes can be smaller, fertilizer sites should be larger, and ridges should be smaller. 2. The amount of anamorphic coefficient In order to avoid inbreeding that leads to a narrowing of the genetic basis and inbreeding decline, the number of clonal clones in primary seed orchards should be more, and 30 to 50 are suitable. After the progeny have been determined, the seed colonies may be composed of the selected clones, which may be fewer in number. 10 to 30 can be. For example, if the specific combining ability is further determined, the flowering period is synchronized and the design is reasonable. Two to five can also be used. 3, clone configuration (1) The principle of the allocation of clones: The same clone should maintain the maximum distance between them and reduce the probability of self-transmission. (2) Closure configuration: 1. Completely random arrangement: The random arrangement of clones does not follow a certain sequence or subjective desire, and each clone has the equal opportunity to occupy any position in the seed park community. This configuration is simple and can effectively prevent systematic errors. 2. Complete block arrangement: First divide the area of ​​the cell into several equal blocks, and randomly configure all clones or multiples within each block. Artificial adjustments can be made to the same department number at the adjacent location. 3, order dislocation arrangement: The clones in accordance with the order of the order of ranks in a row, and in the next row of the arrangement, repeat this process. However, it must be staggered by a number, preceded by another serial number, and so on. There are many ways in which clones are deployed, and the priorities for various configurations vary, but there are two issues that need to be shared: one is to minimize the risk of self-interest, and the other is to provide the most extensive genetic base. For example, from the primary garden to the hybrid garden, the base of improved seedlings in the Longtoushan seedling plant has the minimum input of 17 clones and the largest input of 40 clones, and most of the clones are arranged in the order of dislocation arrangement and completely random arrangement. Specific colonization, can be used to plant grafted seedling method, can also be planted rootstock, 3 per hole, and then according to design drawings grafting on the right number seated, spacing 4 × 4m to 4 × 6m, the same line number ramets reached 16 ~ 20m distance. Release Paper Extrusion Laminating Machine Release Paper Extrusion Laminating Machine,Release Paper Coating Machine,Release Paper Coating Extruder,Release Paper Extrusion Coating Machine Jiangmen Huilong Plastics Machinery Co.,Ltd. , https://www.huilongplasticsmachinery.com