According to the occurrence conditions of the deposit, some deposits are large in scale, shallow in burial, and even exposed to the surface. As long as the overlying soil rock and some of the two surrounding rocks are stripped off, it is possible to directly dig from the surface without dig a large number of wells. Excavate useful minerals. This mining method is open-pit mining.

Due to the unrestricted production space and good working conditions, open-pit mining has created favorable conditions for the use of large or extra large mining equipment and mechanized production. Therefore, the mining intensity is very high.

Open pit mining can be divided into two categories: mechanical mining and hydraulic mining. The former is mainly for hard rock, it needs to use perforated blasting and mechanical shovel loading; while the latter is for loose rock, which can be directly rushed with high pressure water and directly transported. According to the different ways of rock transportation, mechanical mining is also distributed rail mining method, non-track transportation mining method and mixed mining method.

Open pit mining has significant advantages over underground mining _:

1. The construction speed is fast. From domestic and foreign construction metal mining point of view, the construction of a large open pit mine (annual output of more than 1 million t), generally only 2 to 4 (time, as long as the fastest months to put into operation; and the same building The underground construction of a scale of underground mines should be doubled;

2. High labor productivity. Open-pit mines can use large or extra large, high-efficiency mechanical equipment (currently, 4&6m ³ electric shovel has been widely used in large and medium-sized open pit mines, and 6&13m ³ electric shovel has been used in some large open-pit mines; the diameter of domestic perforated equipment has reached φ380mm,- The continuous drilling depth is 16.5m; most of the vehicles used for transportation are also 30~60t), and the labor productivity is 2~10 times higher than that of underground mining;

3. Low mining costs. Due to the large scope of the open pit mining area, it is conducive to large-scale mechanized mining. The cost of metal mine open pit mining is only 1/3~1/2 of the cost of underground mining, which is more advantageous for mining low grade ore;

4. Ore loss is small. For metal open pit mines, the loss rate of general ore is 3~5%, and the lean string is 5~8%. For underground mining, the ore loss rate is 15~25%, and the depletion rate is 3~15*; It is beneficial to fully recycle the country's underground mineral resources.

5. Less wood usage. Open-pit mining does not have the problem of support for empty areas, so every 1 ton of ore is produced, and the average consumption is only

1m ³ timber (iron transport path of 0.8m ^3); and underground mining, ore each 1kt recovery, the wood will have an average consumption of 15m ^3.

6. Production safety and good working conditions. This is even more important for the mining of ore with a spontaneous combustion tendency and a large water deposit.

Its disadvantages are:

1. The occupation of land is large, affecting the extent to which the surface of the farmland is destroyed or covered by open pit mining, and the extent of environmental pollution is much larger than that of underground mining;

2. Due to the impact of climate, heavy rain, hurricanes, severe cold, etc. may affect production;

3. The initial investment includes the purchase of large equipment, land acquisition and initial stripping.

Open-pit mining, with its economic and technical superiority, determines its overall trend of priority development in the field of mineral deposits. Therefore, any mineral deposit that is conditionally used should be used first. However, open pit mining is not economically justified under all conditions. From the perspective of mine design and technical economy, the cost of mining ore in open pit mining is higher than the cost of mining ore in underground mining. Open pit mining should not replace underground mining, especially for deep buried deposits. Mining.

At present, there are about 1,500 open pit mines that mine all kinds of ore in China, including 40 key iron ore mines and 1' key non-ferrous metal mines. According to the statistics of 1981, the amount of open-pit mining ore accounts for the total output of ore in the relevant industrial sector: iron ore is 86.4%, ferrous metallurgical auxiliary ore is 90.5%, non-ferrous metal ore is 49.6%, and chemical raw ore is 70.7%. The building materials are 100%.

The overseas open-pit mines are currently expanding in scale, equipment, large-scale , continuous and semi-continuous processes , diversified development methods, and modernization of production management.

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