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Fire damper in the design of the rational use of engineering
Abstract: In many design projects, it is not uncommon to find faulty selection of fire damper and setting of unreasonable position. This paper introduces the working principle and performance of the fire damper on this issue, analysis of fire damper in the ventilation, air conditioning and smoke control system should be reasonable settings and selection of fire damper. Keywords: Fire damper Working principle Type Function Reasonable Selection Setting position 1 Overview As the name suggests, fire damper is used to block the passage of flue gas and fire from the fire zone, and within a certain period of time to meet the requirements of fire resistance stability and fire integrity requirements valve. In the event of a fire in a building, the fires are ventilated and the pipes of the air-conditioning system spread rapidly. There are many cases of heavy losses. In order to minimize the damage caused by the fire, effective fire prevention and smoke control measures must be taken to control the spread of the fire. The rational setting of the fire damper in the ventilation, air conditioning and smoke control systems plays an important role effect. However, in many design projects, fire damper selection error, the location of the irrational position is not uncommon. 2 fire damper structure and working principle Fire damper structure shown in Figure 1, mainly by the valve body and the implementing agencies. Valve body from the shell, flanges, leaves and leaves linkage agencies and other components. Actuators from the shell, blade adjustment agencies, clutches, temperature fuses and other components. Fire damper actuator through the metal fusible links and clutch mechanism to control the blade rotation. When the temperature of the gas transported in the pipeline reaches the melting temperature of the fusible metal sheet, the fusible sheet melts, and the compression spring and the spring pin on the mandrel rapidly lay the clutch pad. At this time, the clutch and the blade adjusting mechanism are disengaged, Due to the valve body is equipped with two torsion springs, so that the blades are torsion and rotation. Thus, the implementation of fire damper actuators using mechanical transmission principle, without electricity, gas and other energy sources, which can guarantee under any circumstances can play a fireproof role. Fire damper on and off According to the system requirements, the system is disabled and normal operation is located in the open state, such as the tube conveying gas temperature is lower than the selected melting point of the metal fusible link, under normal operation, the valve is open of. Only when operating conditions exceed the normal use of the state, the valve is automatically closed to achieve the role of security. 3 Types of fire damper and its performance Table 2 Name Scope of application Function Equipped with operating device Fire damper installed in the air duct of the ventilation and air conditioning system to prevent the spread of fire along the duct 1.70 ℃ automatic shutdown, fan down FD 2. Manual shutdown, fan down 3. Close the fire alarm output signal is installed in the air duct of the ventilation and air conditioning system to prevent the spread of the fire along the duct 1.70 ℃ automatic shutdown, fan down FVD 2. Manual shutdown, fan down 3. Valve 0 ° ~ 90 ° within five gear Adjust the air volume 4. Output of the closed signal Smoke and fire control valve installed in the ventilation and air conditioning system with smoke and fire prevention requirements of the pipeline 1. By the smoke sensor control action, the signal through the solenoid off (smoke), ventilation and air conditioning system Fan shutdown SFVD 2.70 ℃ automatic shutdown (fire), fan shutdown 3. Manual shutdown, fan down 4. Valve 0 ° ~ 90 ° in the fifth gear to regulate air flow 5. Output valve closed signal remote fire smoke control valve installed in Ventilation and air conditioning system with smoke and fire prevention requirements of the pipeline, in more complex terrain, and more often need to be adjusted where appropriate 1. By the smoke sensor control action, the use of electrical signals through Magnet closed (smoke), ventilation and air conditioning system fan shutdown BSFVD 2.70 ℃ automatic shutdown (fire), fan shutdown 3. Remote manual shutdown, fan down 4. Valve in the 0 ° ~ 90 ° fifth gear to regulate air flow 5. Output valve Turn off the electrical signal smoke exhaust fire damper installed in a smoke exhaust, fire safety requirements of the exhaust pipe and exhaust fan suction pipe at the mouth 1. Electrical signal DC24V open, exhaust fan at the same time start SFD 2. Temperature fuse 280 ℃ blow, so that the valve is closed, the exhaust fan blows at the same time 3. Manually open, the exhaust fan starts at the same time 4. The valve opens, the output opens the electrical signal Remote smoke exhaust fire damper is installed in a smoke exhaust, System piping and exhaust fan suction pipe at the mouth 1. Electrical signal DC24V open, exhaust fan at the same time start the BSFD 2. Temperature fuse blows at 280 ℃, the valve is closed, the exhaust fan at the same time down 3. Remote manual Open, exhaust fan starts at the same time 4. The valve opens, the output opens the electrical signal Note: Letter meaning: S-solenoid control F-temperature fuse control V- air volume adjustment D- manual operation and reset B-long distance Control The so-called remote control is to operate the device installed within 6m away from the valve body and any part of the control cable through the control valve, and the remaining operating devices are mounted on the valve body, the implementation of local operations. 4 fire dampers in the design of rational use of the building in the event of a fire, often causing serious casualties and economic losses, especially air-conditioned buildings and high-rise buildings, fire and smoke prevention is particularly important. Design, should be familiar with the relevant regulatory requirements, the ventilation and air conditioning system set fire damper, smoke exhaust pipe in the fire damper to prevent the fire when the toxic high temperature flue gas transmission, causing the spread of fire to expand and increase the toxicity loss. 4.1 Ventilation and air conditioning system in the setting and selection of fire damper 4.1.1 "Fire Code for Design of High-rise Civil Building" GB50045-95 (2001 Edition) and "Building Code for Fire Protection Design" GBJ16-87 (2001 Edition) on the fire damper settings are Requirements, summed up the following: (1) Duct through the fire district; (2) through the ventilation, air conditioning room and the important or fire risk of large room partition walls and floors; (3) vertical duct The level of pipe with each level of the junction of the horizontal pipe should be set fire damper, but each fire district of multi-storey building ventilation, air-conditioning system are set independently, the fire district within the horizontal duct and the transfer of the vertical pipe Department may not fire damper; (4) across the deformation of the seam on both sides of the duct on each one. The parts of the fire damper, usually open, when the temperature of the fire reached 70 ℃, then automatically shut down. Fire damper should be set near the fire separation, and should be provided separately support, hanger. When the fire damper concealed, it should be installed in the installation site inspection port. 4.1.2 Kitchen, bathroom, toilet and other vertical exhaust pipe, when not to take measures to prevent backflow, you must set the branch pipe fire damper. Public building kitchens, due to the high temperature of the fumes, in order to prevent fire valve malfunction, exhaust fume pipes and vertical air duct junction, should be set to 150 ℃ blown fire damper. 4.1.3 Air-conditioning centralized fresh air system design fire damper settings Fresh air system forms are usually layered horizontal air system and vertical air system. (1) Layered horizontal air system The fresh air system is set by floors. Fresh air inhalation in two ways, one is the fresh air through the hole from the outside wall to draw from the outside; the other is to set a total fresh air vertical air duct, fresh air crew from all levels to take wind from the vertical duct. The former takes the fresh air method without the need to set fire damper on the entrance of the fresh air unit. The latter focuses on the fresh air. For the high-rise buildings, the fresh air vertical air duct must cross the fire protection zone. The suction air duct on each fresh air unit should be set 70 ℃ blown fire damper. (2) Vertical fresh air system Vertical fresh air system is the outdoor air through the fresh air unit handling, through the vertical air duct to the air-conditioned rooms, the general fresh air unit is located on the roof. It is more suitable for buildings with low floor height and difficulty in laying fresh air duct horizontally. For high-rise buildings, vertical air duct to cross the fire district, the air outlet requires the setting of 70 ℃ blown fire damper. In short, high-rise civil buildings in the conditions of the height of the floor, should be layered by fire district set up air-conditioning system. When it is necessary to divide the air-conditioning system vertically (including the fresh air system), the number of layers under each system should be in accordance with the provisions of 4.1.4. 4.1.4 Ventilation, air-conditioning system horizontal should be set for each fire district, vertical layout should not exceed 5 layers; when the pipeline is provided with anti-reflux facilities or fire damper, and the various layers with automatic sprinkler system, its The number of vertical connections is not limited to this. 4.1.5 ventilation ducts should not be through the firewall and non-combustible body floor and other fire-retardant partitions, such as must pass through, should be set at 70 ℃ through the fuse smoke fire damper. When fire smoke passes through the fire divider, the fire damper will close immediately. The fire damper is generally used smoke sensor control, rather than the use of fusible metal or fusible element control, so that it can promptly and effectively prevent the spread and expansion of the fire. 4.1.6 When there is no fire control room in the building, the duct can be selected without fire alarm signal; when the building has a fire control room, the signal can be charged fire alarm signal output device leads to Fire control room, taking into account a large number of ventilation damper air duct on the airway, only in the larger impact site or through the fire district on the duct with fire alarm signal, but only affect the individual parts of the room is not set Fire alarm with electrical signal. 4.1.7 When the location of the installation of fire damper air volume adjustment requirements can be set fire control valve. 4.2 Anti smoke exhaust system in the setting and selection of fire damper 4.2.1 Exhaust fan inlet manifold should be set when the flue gas temperature exceeds 280 ℃ can be automatically shut down when the smoke fire damper and fan exhaust fan chain, When the smoke damper is closed, the fan stops running. Exhaust fans should be guaranteed at 280 ℃ can work continuously for 30min. It should be noted that the smoke damper set before the exhaust fan, after the flexibility to determine the specific circumstances. Take the basement smoke exhaust system as an example: (1) When the underground basement is only one floor, and the exhaust air is exhausted to the outside through the vertical air duct, the smoke exhaust fire damper should be set on the inlet air duct of the exhaust fan as shown in Figure 2; (2) When the number of underground floors in the basement is above the second floor and the second floor, and each floor shares a row of smoke shafts, each fire damper should be arranged on the outlet pipe of the exhaust fan, ie, close to the side of the exhaust shaft ,As shown in Figure 3. 4.2.2 Whether the vertically arranged walkway exhaust system (as shown in Figure 4) or the horizontally arranged room exhaust system (as shown in Figure 5) shall be provided at the connection of the exhaust branch pipe and the vertical duct 280 ℃ can automatically shut down the smoke fire damper. Exhaust fire damper set normally open or normally closed, for the room exhaust system, when the burden on a fire district of the exhaust pipe with multiple smoke exhaust zone, should be set in the fire district on the regular open Exhaust fire damper, at the same time, each branch on the smoke zone normally closed exhaust port or exhaust valve; for the walkway exhaust system, refer to the next one in the relevant provisions. 4.2.3 The mechanical exhaust system shall be horizontally arranged according to the fire protection zone. The horizontal air duct on each floor should not cross the fire protection zone. However, some floors of some projects are large in area. It is difficult to set the exhaust system according to the fire protection zone. Exhaust fire damper (shown in Figure 5) can be automatically closed when passing through 280 ℃. Exhaust fire damper set normally open or normally closed, depending on the form of exhaust port. (1) When the normally closed exhaust port is set, the exhaust branch pipe is provided with a normally open smoke fire damper; (2) When the normally open type exhaust port is set, the exhaust branch pipe is provided with a normally closed smoke damper ; (3) When the normally closed dedicated fire exhaust port, the exhaust manifold does not set a smoke damper. 4.2.4 The installation of mechanical smoke exhaust basement should be considered into the air facilities, when the mechanical air inlet system, the inlet pipe should be set in the fan 70 ℃ blown fire damper. 4.2.5 For mechanical pressurized air supply system, the inlet pipe of the pressurized air blower shall be provided with a fire-extinguishing valve with a temperature of 70 ℃ to prevent the fresh air inlet from being exposed to fire and smoke and transporting the flue gas to the floor. 5 Conclusion Ventilation and air conditioning systems and smoke control system design, should be appropriate to local conditions and selection of fire damper. Name Scope of application Function Equipped with operating device Fire damper installed in the air duct of ventilation and air-conditioning system to prevent the spread of fire along the air duct 1.70 ℃ automatic shut down, fan stop FD 2. Manual shut down, blower down 3. Output close signal Fire damper installation In ventilation and air-conditioning system duct, to prevent the spread of fire along the duct 1.70 ℃ automatically shut down, the fan down FVD 2. Manual shutdown, fan down 3. Valve 0 ° ~ 90 ° in the fifth gear to regulate air flow 4. Turn off the electrical signal smoke Fire control valve installed in the ventilation and air conditioning system with smoke and fire prevention requirements of the pipeline 1 by the smoke sensor control action, the signal through the solenoid off (smoke), ventilation and air conditioning system fan down SFVD 2.70 ℃ automatic shutdown (fire) , Fan Shutdown 3. Manual Shutdown, Fan Shutdown 4. Valve 0 ° ~ 90 ° Fifth gear to regulate air flow 5. Output valve closed signal Remote Smoke Control Valve installed in the ventilation and air conditioning system with smoke and fire prevention requirements of the pipeline On the more complex topography, and often need to adjust the place more applicable 1. By the smoke sensor control action, the use of electrical signals through the solenoid off (smoke), ventilation Adjust the system fan down BSFVD 2.70 ℃ automatically shut down (fire), the fan down 3. Remote manual shutdown, the fan down 4. Valve 0 ° ~ 90 ° in the fifth gear to regulate air flow 5. Output valve to close the electrical signal smoke exhaust valve installation In a smoke exhaust, fire safety system exhaust pipe and exhaust fan suction pipe at the mouth 1. Electrical signal DC24V open, exhaust fan at the same time start SFD 2. Temperature fuse at 280 ℃ when the fuse, the valve is closed, Exhaust fan at the same time shut down 3. Manually open, exhaust fan at the same time start 4. After the valve is open, the output of the open signal is far-controlled smoke exhaust fire damper installed in a smoke exhaust, fire safety system exhaust pipe and exhaust fan inhalation The mouth of the pipe 1. Electrical signal DC24V open, exhaust fan at the same time start the BSFD 2. Temperature fuse at 280 ℃ when blown, so that the valve is closed, the exhaust fan at the same time down 3. Manually open long-distance, exhaust fan start at the same time 4 After the valve is opened, the output turns on the electrical signal