China is the world's largest producer and consumer of grain, with an annual total of 500 million tons of grain. According to statistics, the loss of grain during grain threshing, drying, storage, transportation, processing, and consumption after grain harvesting in China is as high as 18%, far exceeding the 5% standard set by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. In these losses, due to climatic reasons, cereals have no time to dry or fail to reach the safe moisture content of grains resulting in mildew, germination and other losses of up to 5%. If the annual output of 500 million tons of food, equivalent to 25 million tons of food, if Each person eats 500g of food per day, which can eat 68,000 people for 1 year. This figure is staggering and reduces the grain loss received by the hand to the lowest point. In this sense, the mechanization of grain drying is more important than the mechanization of field operations. It is an important guarantee for the high yield and harvest of grain.
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1 Development Overview The research of foreign grain drying machinery started in the 1940s and basically achieved grain drying mechanization from the 1950s to the 1960s. Grain drying was automated in the 1960s and 1970s, and grain drying was efficient in the 1970s and 1980s. With high quality, energy saving, cost reduction, and computer-controlled development, grain drying equipment has achieved serialization and standardization after 90 years. In recent years, great progress has been made in computer simulation of grain drying processes. The continuous development of traditional software and special software has played an extremely important role in the design of grain drying machinery and the improvement of product quality.
The development of grain drying machinery in China began with the imitation of dryers from Japan, the former Soviet Union and other foreign countries. Due to the complex structure of the grain drying machinery at that time, the high consumption of steel, and the high cost of production, it was not suitable for the economic and institutional conditions in rural areas and was used only by state-owned farms, grain stores and collective enterprises. In the late 1970s, relevant scientific research units began to develop grain dryers suitable for China's national conditions. Most of them are suitable for use by farm production companies and rural production teams; after the 1980s, China's rural economic system began to undergo reforms, and most of the dry machines developed were developed in the direction of multi-use and miniaturization; since the 1990s. With the in-depth development of rural reforms, the level of rural economy and agricultural productivity has risen relatively quickly, and professionalization and intensive management of scale have also witnessed new development. In particular, large-scale grain warehouses and seed and grain production bases of state-owned agricultural land reclamation systems gradually equiped with complete sets of grain drying equipment, and supported them with warehousing, processing, and other facilities to become the main application representatives of grain drying machinery in China; at the same time, they were also introduced. The grain drying machinery in the United States, Canada, Japan, and Taiwan and other countries and regions, some colleges and universities and related scientific research units have also developed a corresponding series of grain drying equipment to serve the domestic food system. The development of grain drying technology gradually makes the drying machinery mature and perfect, and it also accelerates the pace of agricultural modernization.
Although the development of grain drying machinery in China has been a continuous exploration history for more than 30 years, there are already more than 50 production enterprises. , But the output is not large, the technical content is low, there are not many mature models, the product types are small, and the energy consumption is high, the automation level is low, and the small and medium-sized multi-functional drying machinery suitable for agricultural machinery specialized households, grain-producing large households and village groups is lacking. . There are more than 20,000 grain drying machines in the country. Mechanically dried grains account for only about 1% of the country's total production each year. The mechanical grain drying in developed countries accounts for about 95% of the total output. This shows that China's grain drying machinery has developed. Far from being able to adapt to the needs of grain production development.
2 Constraints and Development Opportunities Constraints in the development of grain drying machinery: First, the agricultural labor force continues to increase. Of the 1.3 billion people in the country, 800 million are in rural areas, and the vast majority of surplus labor is in rural areas. The pressure on surplus agricultural labor is huge. This will undoubtedly have an adverse effect on the growth of labor and grain drying machinery. Second, the growth of farmers' income will be slow, which will directly affect the purchasing power of farmers' agricultural machinery. Third, the import of agricultural products will increase. The decrease in exports, especially after the addition of the WTO; Fourth, the agricultural machinery support policy is not in place. At the same time, we should also clearly see the unfavorable factors in the development process of grain drying machinery: First, large investment in grain drying machinery; Second, a longer investment recovery cycle; Third, the low level of industrialization of farmers, social production The organizational service system and mechanism are far from being formed. Fourth, the raw grain has a high impurity rate, uneven water content, and a high quality requirement for drying machinery.
Currently. China's grain drying mechanization is facing a rare opportunity for development: First, governments at all levels attach great importance to grain production, especially since 2004, the central government has introduced various measures to increase farmers' enthusiasm for grain production, and promulgated and implemented the "Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Law." The formation of a favorable policy environment such as economic support, price subsidies, and tax incentives; and second, the development of agricultural industrialization is inseparable from the important aspect of mechanical drying. Large grain producers, large agricultural machinery specialists, rural cooperative economic organizations, and leading enterprises have strong desires and requirements for mechanical drying. Third, there are many types of drying machinery on the market, and utility model machinery and technologies are available for selection and promotion. Service support; Fourth, the rapid expansion of the combine harvester and the mode of cross-regional operation, so that a large number of grains need to be dried in a timely and rapid manner; Fifth, mechanical drying can avoid losses, prevent natural disasters, prevent the site from turning over and increase the grain miscellaneous, and the grain drying Traffic safety, as well as the saving of valuable land resources, etc., The importance of developing grain drying machinery began to be widely recognized.
3 Countermeasures and Suggestions 3.1 Overall planning, clear focus, and distribution implementation 1) Accelerate restructuring, reorganization, and transformation of grain drying machinery manufacturers. Efforts will be made to change the issues of scattered, small, weak, and poor efficiency of the industry. Taking brand-name products as a leader, a variety of large-scale grain drying machinery groups integrating science, industry and trade are formed to solve the problems of large number of production enterprises, small production scale, high product cost and low economic efficiency, and the concentration of grain drying machinery The degree of specialization has been greatly improved, promoting the development of domestic and foreign markets and the construction of product after-sales service systems, truly forming a powerful enterprise technology innovation base, and stimulating the improvement of the industry’s competitiveness in technology, quality and after-sales services.
2) Gradually improve theoretical research of grain drying technology to form a grain drying equipment system suitable for grain production in China. Formulate and improve technical standards for grain drying, standardize the design and development of grain drying machinery, lay the theoretical foundation for determining the development direction of grain drying process and develop models; research and develop grain drying automatic control systems, and improve the level of mechanical control of grain drying; According to the different shapes of grains and the requirements of grain drying, the new process of grain drying is continuously explored.
3) Market-oriented, accelerate the industrialization of short-term products and upgrading of urgently needed products, and constantly improve independent R&D and innovation capabilities. Mobilize all positive factors, speed up the construction of large-scale enterprise group technology centers, give full play to the role of industry service productivity centers and engineering technology centers, optimize the development and innovation system of reconstructed production, research, and research grain drying machinery to solve existing grains The lack of types of drying machinery products, backward performance, lack of doors and stalls, and low technical content cannot meet the requirements of agricultural production and rural economic development.
4) Seriously implement the policy. The relevant government departments must conscientiously implement the central government's policies and measures, increase the strength of mechanized drying demonstration and promotion through project approval, price subsidies, and integration of resources, and cooperate in the division of labor and cooperation; focus on the main areas for production of commercial grain, breeding and processing promotion areas for agricultural products, and agriculture. Comprehensive development zones, food harvest seasons and more rainy areas, areas where peasant machinery is urgently required for drying, areas where highways and grains are frequently banned, and examples are well established. A number of grain drying mechanization demonstration bases and drying centers have been set up, as far as possible with combine harvesters, The initial deep processing of grain is combined and matched to form an industrial chain. It is widely publicized through various forms such as television, newspapers and periodicals, the Internet, and on-site conferences to expand the influence, and recommend new tools with high quality and low price to farmers; do a good job of technical training. Do a good job in after-sales service for equipment, so that the purchasers have mastered the use of business skills, with real effectiveness and quality services, to promote the conscious acceptance and active application of farmers.
3.2 Appropriate selection and development Supporting the development of medium and small-sized multi-function and multi-heat source models suitable for China's national conditions, comprehensive consideration should be given to the use of business models and cross-regional mobile operations as the direction of development, with a simple structure, low cost, high thermal efficiency, and productivity. High, with good promotion prospects.
1) Heat source mode selection. According to local energy conditions, choose as many energy dryers as possible, such as electricity, diesel, kerosene, solar energy and straw. To increase adaptability. The first three are more common, greenhouse solar drying system is close to the natural dry state, dry food is delicious, does not pollute food and environment, low cost; but the system investment is high, affected by climate change, only applies to long hours of light area.
2) Select according to function. A multi-purpose machine, in addition to drying food, but also drying such as rapeseed, Chinese herbal medicines, edible fungi, starch and other agricultural products, with sterilization, disinfection and other functions; dryer should have a fully automatic computer control system, water Inspection, drying speed, grain temperature, grain amount, outside temperature change, drying temperature correction, combustion temperature, scheduled shutdown, and constant moisture shut-down, etc., are completed by computer, which effectively controls grain quality, taste, explosion, and energy saving. Consumption plays an important role.
3) Capacity model selection. The size of the model is determined by the conditions and scale of agricultural production. China's rural households are scattered and small in scale, and small dryers are more adaptable and can develop 3-6km. A small dryer with an installed capacity of 2 tons is convenient for the majority of farmers to purchase; large and medium-sized machinery with a size of more than 6 tons is generally purchased and operated by village and township agricultural machinery service organizations.
3.3 Exploring Operational Mechanism In order to adapt to the reality of the long-term implementation of the household contract production system in China's rural areas and improve the utilization and effectiveness of mechanized drying equipment, the following business model is proposed:
1) Professional households or professional service companies. Adopting government subsidies or demonstrations to develop specialized drying households and professional joint households, focusing on the promotion of small-scale multi-functional mobile dryers, gradually forming professional agricultural machinery service companies, and supporting cross-regional operations with the combine harvesters to conduct socialization and professionalization. Serialization and standardization services are effective ways to realize mechanization under the double-level management system. This mode is flexible. If you want to go to the village lane, when you dry, you can select a family grain or other economic crops after the election, determine the moisture content and quality, then focus on drying, drying and distribution to each household.
2) Establish a grain cooperation bank for production areas in accordance with the basic requirements of cooperation, mutual assistance, agency substitution, and market operations. Use storage facilities of the grain department or base facilities of agricultural (machine) service centers to purchase large and medium-sized drying and storage equipment, sign food savings contracts with farmers, and collect and measure moisture and weighed quantities of wet grains in farmers' hands. Dry, sub-variety storage. The farmers are responsible for the dry and storage management fees. Farmers use food grain receipts at any time to withdraw food certificates. When they need to use money, they can also withdraw cash at the contract or market price. In this way, it can not only improve the utilization rate of dry storage equipment, but also effectively avoid the loss of drying and warehousing of households and relieve the worries of farmers.
3) Establish a grain drying processing sales center. Through the establishment of new-type agricultural cooperatives or professional cooperative management organizations based on complete voluntariness and mutual benefit, farmers will set up one or more grain drying processing and sales points in an integrated manner to form an integrated production and sales center. Based on the principle of commodity exchange, based on the basic aim of making members or members profitable, in the cooperative, the production link is a one-man business, there is only quality competition between each other, there is no price competition; pre- and post-natal services, In particular, the drying, processing, and sales links are managed by the cooperatives. The members will hand over their products to the cooperatives in accordance with the promises of the people's meeting. Mechanized screening, grading, drying, processing, packaging, and sales will be carried out according to uniform standards. Cooperative members Share the various costs of the processing process together, and then share the profits together according to the sales situation of each person, and share the profits if they lose. This form can effectively improve the farmers' ability to resist market risks and achieve maximum benefit. 
